llamabox
08-26-2007, 05:07 PM
Just thought I would post some of the stuff I am finding. Some of it is old, and some I have not seen before. Hope some of you get some use out of it...
Determination of psychotropic phenylalkylamine derivatives in biological matrices by high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode-array detection.
Helmlin HJ, Brenneisen R.
Institute of Pharmacy, University of Berne, Switzerland.
Several procedures using high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode-array detection have been developed to create phytochemical and toxicological profiles of phenylalkylamine derivatives in biological samples (e.g. plant materials and urine). Mescaline-containing cactus samples were extracted with basic methanol, using methoxamine as internal standard; the extraction and clean-up of urine samples were performed on cation-exchange solid-phase extraction columns. The extracts were separated on a 3-micron ODS column with acetonitrile-water-phosphoric acid-hexylamine as the mobile phase. Peak detection was performed at 198 or 205 nm; peak identity and homogeneity were ascertained by on-line scanning of the UV spectra from 190 to 300 nm. The detection limit of phenylalkylamine derivatives in urine and cactus material was 0.026-0.056 micrograms/ml and 0.04 micrograms/mg, respectively. Following a single oral dose of 1.7 mg/kg methylenedioxymethylamphetamine (MDMA) the concentrations found in urine ranged from 1.48 to 5.05 micrograms/ml MDMA and 0.07-0.90 micrograms/ml methylenedioxyamphetamine (a metabolite of MDMA). The Mescaline content of the cactus Trichocereus pachanoi varied between 1.09 and 23.75 micrograms/mg.
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Cactus alkaloids. XXXVI. Mescaline and related compounds from Trichocereus peruvianus.
Pardanani JH, McLaughlin JL, Kondrat RW, Cooks RG.
Agurell has previously detected (tlc, glc-ms) tyramine, 3-methoxytyramine, and two unknown alkaloids in the Peruvian cactus, Trichocereus peruvianus Br. and R. The presence of Mescaline in other similar Trichocereus species prompted us to reinvestigate this species, which is commercially available in the United States. The nonphenolic alkaloid extracts yielded an abundance of crystalline Mescaline hydrochloride (0.82% yield) and a trace of 3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamine (tlc-ms). Crystalline tyramine hydrochloride, 3-methoxytyramine hydrochloride, and 3,5 dimethoxy-4-hydroxphenethylamine hydrochloride were isolated from the phenolic alkaloid extracts; the last compound has not been previously crystallized from nature, although it is the immediate biosynthetic precursor of Mescaline . Crystalline 2-chloromescaline hydrochloride was isolated drom the nonphenolic extracts; but, as determined by mass-analyzed ion kinetic energy spectrometry, this new compound is an extraction artifact. Both 2-chloromescaline and 2.6-dichloromescaline hydrochlorides were prepared synthetically from Mescaline . This cactus species has a Mescaline content equal or superior to Peyote and should be legally controlled as an item of drug abuse.
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Catecholamine metabolism in a psychoactive cactus.
Keller WJ, Yeary RA.
The Dona Ana cactus, Coryphantha macromeris (Engelm.) Br. and R. and its runyonii (Br. and R.) L. Benson variety are being promoted as natural and legal psychedelic agents with about one-fifth potency of Peyote [Lophophora williamsii (Lem.) Coult.]. Like Peyote , Dona Ana produces and accumulates various methylated catecholamine derivatives. Of these phenethylamines, normacromerine (N-methyl-3,4-dimethoxy-beta-hydroxyphenethylamine) is by far the most abundant and has been shown to affect animal behavior in such a way as to suggest psychoactivity. It has been demonstrated that the catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine occur naturally in C. macromeris var. runyonii and serve as biosynthetic intermediates in normacromerine biosynthesis. Catecholamine precursors and derivatives have also been shown to be part of the metabolic pathway leading to the formation of normacromerine in Dona Ana. Normacromerine appears to be the end product of catecholamine metabolism since recent studies have revealed that very little of this compound is metabolized once it has been formed by the cactus. Completed research of this type has allowed the comparison of catecholamine metabolism leading to the formation of a mind-altering drug in a cactus plant and the metabolism of catecholamines in humans. These data together with evidence from future research will allow biochemical analogies which may suggest etiologies for certain types of mental illness.
Determination of psychotropic phenylalkylamine derivatives in biological matrices by high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode-array detection.
Helmlin HJ, Brenneisen R.
Institute of Pharmacy, University of Berne, Switzerland.
Several procedures using high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode-array detection have been developed to create phytochemical and toxicological profiles of phenylalkylamine derivatives in biological samples (e.g. plant materials and urine). Mescaline-containing cactus samples were extracted with basic methanol, using methoxamine as internal standard; the extraction and clean-up of urine samples were performed on cation-exchange solid-phase extraction columns. The extracts were separated on a 3-micron ODS column with acetonitrile-water-phosphoric acid-hexylamine as the mobile phase. Peak detection was performed at 198 or 205 nm; peak identity and homogeneity were ascertained by on-line scanning of the UV spectra from 190 to 300 nm. The detection limit of phenylalkylamine derivatives in urine and cactus material was 0.026-0.056 micrograms/ml and 0.04 micrograms/mg, respectively. Following a single oral dose of 1.7 mg/kg methylenedioxymethylamphetamine (MDMA) the concentrations found in urine ranged from 1.48 to 5.05 micrograms/ml MDMA and 0.07-0.90 micrograms/ml methylenedioxyamphetamine (a metabolite of MDMA). The Mescaline content of the cactus Trichocereus pachanoi varied between 1.09 and 23.75 micrograms/mg.
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Cactus alkaloids. XXXVI. Mescaline and related compounds from Trichocereus peruvianus.
Pardanani JH, McLaughlin JL, Kondrat RW, Cooks RG.
Agurell has previously detected (tlc, glc-ms) tyramine, 3-methoxytyramine, and two unknown alkaloids in the Peruvian cactus, Trichocereus peruvianus Br. and R. The presence of Mescaline in other similar Trichocereus species prompted us to reinvestigate this species, which is commercially available in the United States. The nonphenolic alkaloid extracts yielded an abundance of crystalline Mescaline hydrochloride (0.82% yield) and a trace of 3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamine (tlc-ms). Crystalline tyramine hydrochloride, 3-methoxytyramine hydrochloride, and 3,5 dimethoxy-4-hydroxphenethylamine hydrochloride were isolated from the phenolic alkaloid extracts; the last compound has not been previously crystallized from nature, although it is the immediate biosynthetic precursor of Mescaline . Crystalline 2-chloromescaline hydrochloride was isolated drom the nonphenolic extracts; but, as determined by mass-analyzed ion kinetic energy spectrometry, this new compound is an extraction artifact. Both 2-chloromescaline and 2.6-dichloromescaline hydrochlorides were prepared synthetically from Mescaline . This cactus species has a Mescaline content equal or superior to Peyote and should be legally controlled as an item of drug abuse.
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Catecholamine metabolism in a psychoactive cactus.
Keller WJ, Yeary RA.
The Dona Ana cactus, Coryphantha macromeris (Engelm.) Br. and R. and its runyonii (Br. and R.) L. Benson variety are being promoted as natural and legal psychedelic agents with about one-fifth potency of Peyote [Lophophora williamsii (Lem.) Coult.]. Like Peyote , Dona Ana produces and accumulates various methylated catecholamine derivatives. Of these phenethylamines, normacromerine (N-methyl-3,4-dimethoxy-beta-hydroxyphenethylamine) is by far the most abundant and has been shown to affect animal behavior in such a way as to suggest psychoactivity. It has been demonstrated that the catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine occur naturally in C. macromeris var. runyonii and serve as biosynthetic intermediates in normacromerine biosynthesis. Catecholamine precursors and derivatives have also been shown to be part of the metabolic pathway leading to the formation of normacromerine in Dona Ana. Normacromerine appears to be the end product of catecholamine metabolism since recent studies have revealed that very little of this compound is metabolized once it has been formed by the cactus. Completed research of this type has allowed the comparison of catecholamine metabolism leading to the formation of a mind-altering drug in a cactus plant and the metabolism of catecholamines in humans. These data together with evidence from future research will allow biochemical analogies which may suggest etiologies for certain types of mental illness.